Barack Obama

Barack Hussein Obama II (ⁱ/bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn oʊˈbɑːmə/; born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. Obama served as a U.S. Senator representing the state of Illinois from January 2005 to November 2008, when he resigned following his victory in the 2008 presidential election.
Born in Honolulu, Hawaii, Obama is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he was the president of the Harvard Law Review. He was a community organizer in Chicago before earning his law degree. He worked as a civil rights attorney in Chicago and taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. He served three terms representing the 13th District in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004.
Following an unsuccessful bid against the Democratic incumbent for a seat in the United States House of Representatives in 2000, Obama ran for the United States Senate in 2004. Several events brought him to national attention during the campaign, including his victory in the March 2004 Illinois Democratic primary for the Senate election and his keynote address at the Democratic National Convention in July 2004. He won election to the U.S. Senate in Illinois in November 2004. His presidential campaign began in February 2007, and after a close campaign in the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries against Hillary Rodham Clinton, he won his party's nomination. In the 2008 presidential election, he defeated Republican nominee John McCain, and was inaugurated as president on January 20, 2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate. In April 2011, he announced that he would be running for re-election in 2012.
As president, Obama signed economic stimulus legislation in the form of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 and the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 in response to the Late 2000s recession. Other major domestic policy initiatives include the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010, and the Budget Control Act of 2011. In May 2012, he became the first sitting U.S. president to openly support legalizing same-sex marriage. In foreign policy, Obama helped end the war in Iraq, increased troop levels in Afghanistan, signed the New START arms control treaty with Russia, ordered U.S. military involvement in Libya, and ordered the military operation that resulted in the death of Osama bin Laden.

Military career

After graduating, Yudhoyono joined the Army Strategic Reserve (Kostrad) and became a platoon commander in the 330th Airborne Battalion. Aside from leading his troops, Yudhoyono was also tasked with giving the battalion soldiers lessons on general knowledge and English. Yudhoyono's proficiency in English was one of the reasons why he was sent to the United States to undertake the Airborne and Ranger Courses at Fort Benning in 1975.
Yudhoyono returned to Indonesia in 1976 where he became a platoon commander in the 305th Battalion and assigned to Indonesian-occupied East Timor. Yudhoyono had several tours of duty there and, like many other Indonesian officers involved in the occupation of East Timor, was accused of committing war crimes. However, Yudhoyono has never been charged with any specific act. From East Timor, Yudhoyono became a mortar platoon commander in 1977, an operations officer for an airborne brigade from 1977 to 1978, and a battalion commander at Kostrad from 1979 to 1981. Yudhoyono then spent 1981 and 1982 working at the Army headquarters.
While working at the Army headquarters, Yudhoyono was sent to the United States again, this time to participate in the Infantry Officer Advanced Course at Fort Benning and in training with the 82nd Airborne Division. Yudhoyono also spent time in Panama and went through the jungle warfare school. When Yudhoyono returned in 1983, he was made Commander of the Infantry Trainers' School. It was not long before he was abroad again, this time to Belgium and West Germany, to undertake the Antitank weapons Course. In 1985, Yudhoyono also took a Battalion Commando Course in Malaysia.
From 1986 to 1988, Yudhoyono served with the Udayana Area Military Command, which covers Bali and the Lesser Sunda Islands. Yudhoyono was a battalion commander from 1986 to 1988 and was part of the operational staff in 1988. In 1989, Yudhoyono became a lecturer at the Army Staff College (Seskoad) and delivered a presentation entitled "ABRI's Professionalism at the Present and in the Future". Together with Agus Wirahadikusumah, Yudhoyono published a book entitled "The Challenges of Development".
Whilst at Seskoad, Yudhoyono also took the opportunity to further his own military education. He went to the US Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. While in the United States, he took the opportunity to obtain an MA degree in business management from Webster University in 1991.
In 1992, Yudhoyono was transferred to the Army Information Department and worked as a speech writer for General Edi Sudrajat, the Army Chief of Staff. In 1993, when Edi became Commander of the Military of Indonesia (ABRI), Yudhoyono joined Edi's personal staff. Edi did not last long as ABRI Commander and Yudhoyono was then transferred back to Kostrad where he became a brigade commander. A year later, Yudhoyono was the Operations Assistant at Jaya (Jakarta) Military Area Command before taking command IV/Diponegoro Military Area Command in Central Java. Yudhoyono had one more stint overseas when he became Indonesia's chief military observer of the United Nation Peacekeeping Force in Bosnia in 1995–96.^[5]
When Yudhoyono returned to Indonesia, he was made KODAM Jaya chief of staff before being appointed as KODAM II/Sriwijaya commander. In this position, Yudhoyono was responsible for military operations in southern Sumatra.^[6] He served in this position until 1997, when he was appointed chief of staff for social-political affairs. At the same time, he was also appointed Chairman of the ABRI Faction in the People's Consultative Assembly General Session and participated in Suharto's election to a seventh term as President.
During the days which would lead to Suharto's resignation in May 1998, Yudhoyono and pro-reform ABRI officers conducted meetings and discussions with Nurcholish Madjid, a secular pro-reform Muslim leader. From his discussions, Yudhoyono accepted the fact that Suharto should resign but like the ABRI officers who went to the meeting with him, was reluctant to withdraw their support of Suharto publicly, much less ask for Suharto's resignation.^[7] Nevertheless the pressure would eventually become too much for Suharto, who resigned on 21 May 1998.
As Indonesia entered the reform era, ABRI's popularity, because of its association with Suharto, was at an all time low. To de-emphasize ABRI's political role, Yudhoyono's Chief of Staff for social-political affairs was renamed chief of staff for territorial affairs and in 1999, ABRI was renamed TNI and the Indonesian National Police (Polri) was split off. At this time, Yudhoyono's popularity began to increase^{[citation needed]} as he offered ideas and concepts to reform the military and nation. He did this by combining the strong reformist sentiment of the time with TNI's concern for security and stability.^[7] Yudhoyono then became known in the media as "the thinking general"

F15SE Differences

The F-15SE Silent Eagle is the newest and hottest F-15 version to date - existing only as a technology demonstrator but with high hopes of potential foreign (i.e. non-US) sales. It is basically a modified Strike Eagle and these modifications pack a very powerful punch. The stealth and electronic enhancements are admittedly aimed at the A/A role, the A/G roles of the Strike Eagle remain basically the same (which still represents the highest standard in the world of strike fighters). Boeing plans to offer the aircraft for non-US customers for mainly defensive counter-air missions, rather than offensive ground strikes in well defended airspaces.

Differences from the F-15E

Conformal Weapons Bays ( CWB): A/A and A/G ordnance carried "outside" the jet increase the RCS of the aircraft. For this reason F-15SE features 4 internal weapon bays capable of carrying missiles and bombs. These bays are built into the conformal fuel tanks hence their name. This is a unique feature of the Silent Eagle, greatly increasing its stealth capabilities at the cost of reducing CFT fuel capacity considerably, which reduces aircraft's combat radius by 180-200 nm (to about 800 nm for A/G missions and 720 nm for CAP missions - using F110- GE-129 engines). Please note that these are factory data obviously calculated for ideal conditions. Real life combat radius will be somewhat smaller than these.

Note that the Silent Eagle maintains a modular approach: the CWBs are built into a standard CFT, which attaches to the aircraft just like an ordinary CFT. This means that if there are no requirements for reduced RCS (no A/A opponents are expected), the aircraft can quickly be equipped with normal CFTs, thus increasing range and loiter time. The change of CFTs requires around 2 hours and can be performed easily under field conditions. For another 1 hour work the underwing pylons can be put back on the jet for another hardpoint and two more external fuel tanks. This way the Silent Eagle can fly counter-air missions at the starting stages of an air campaign and once air dominance is achieved, it can convert back to the "traditional" mud mover role and fly A/G missions afterwards.
Weapons: As for A/A ordnance, the Silent Eagle can internally carry the AIM-9 Sidewinder and the AIM-120 AMRAAM, one missile per CWB. From the AMRAAM family only the an AIM-120C or later model can be carried internally, since this has smaller wingspan designed specially for internal carriage.
For A/G ordnance the jet is able to internally carry 500 lbs and 1,000 lbs JDAM bombs (one weapon per CWB) and the 250 lbs GBU-39 SDB (two weapons per CWB).

For a multirole mission, internally carried weapon loadouts can be split between the above mentioned A/A and A/G weapons. If no stealth capabilities are needed, the aircraft can be changed back to a normal strike profile, using normal CFT's - in this configuration the aircaft performs just like an F-15E Strike Eagle in terms of weapon payload and employment capabilities.
Vertical Stabilators: The twin tails of the F-15SE are canted outwards by 15 degrees (see image above), this helps to decrease the aircraft's RCS in air-to-air engagements. This is probably the most visible difference between the Strike Eagle and the Silent Eagle. As an added bonus, canted tails (the same design is used on the F/A-18 Hornet) improve aerodynamic efficiency, generate lift and reduce airframe weight (by allowing to remove some 400-500 lbs of ballast weight from the front section of the aircraft) too.
RCS Reduction: Although the aircraft's fuselage is very similar to the Strike Eagle by the look, it's quite different in reality. Boeing engineers incorporate stealth technology by using coatings and treatments which reduce radar reflections and thermal loads of the fuselage. Note that the US government limits the use of specific materials in aircrafts to be sold outside the US - this may vary from customer to customer according to actual political considerations.
According to Boeing, the special radar absorbing coatings offer an equivalent amount of front-aspect stealth that modern 5th generation fighters. This sounds nice, but not too specific. Boeing remains a bit unclear in this topic to say the least: in 2009 they claimed to have the same amount of stealth that Lockheed Martin's F-35 JSF offers, but in 2010 they softened their statement somewhat by saying that the Silent Eagle offers the same level of front-aspect stealth than the "international release version" of the JSF, but Lockheed Martin officials denied even the very existence of such international release standards.
Anyhow it seems to be clear, that the Silent Eagle's RCS reduction package is effective against X-band radars, that is airborne radar systems - emphasizing the fact that it's an " A/A only" stealth, which is not optimized against ground based radars.
Of course for true stealth only coatings and external treatments are not enough, "real" stealth aircraft designs use special internal structures developed for absorbing and dissipating incoming radar energy. To what extent Boeing changed the Strike Eagle's internal structure is not known, however due to the relative shortness of development time and because of the fact that a reotrofit kit (containing CWB equipped fuel tanks, DEWS and coating) is offered by Boeing for existing Strike Eagle aircraft, we conclude that no major internal structure changes (if any) have been made to the Silent Eagle.
Engines: Boeing can equip the F-15SE both with General Electric made F-110- GE-129 engines and the 'traditional' Pratt&Whitney F100-PW-220 series engines. Besides technical and performance differences, the GE engine can immediately be recognized by its different jet exhaust nacelles.
A radar blocker for engine inlets is available, depending on how much RCS reduction a potential international customer requires (and how much is allowed by the US government for export). An engine inlet radar blocker is a special air ducting which prevents direct LOS of the engine turbine blades, one of the most radar reflective surfaces of the aircraft from frontal aspects. Note that radar blockers interfere with engine inlet airflow hence decrease engine performance to some extent.

Speaking about engines, one key feature for true stealth is to significantly lower the engines' heat signature, something which the F-22 Raptor has done already. So far Boeing has no plans for reducing engine heat signature for the Silent Eagle.
Digital Flight Control System: The Silent Eagle features a digital flight control system ( DFCS), which reduces aircraft weight and improves reliability and maneuverability. By the use of DFCS the Silent Eagle becomes a true fly-by-wire jet, instead of being "semi" fly-by-wire as currently the Strike Eagle is.
Cockpit: Not much is known about the planned cockpit arrangement of the Silent Eagle other than a graphical image provided by Boeing. According to this graphics, the cockpit retains the well-proven Strike Eagle approach, that is 3 multi-purpose LCD displays for the pilot and 4 similar displays for the WSO. The UFC changes to a flat touch panel type digital display, while the HUD seems to be even bigger than the one found in the Strike Eagle.

Not strictly a cockpit issue, but JHMCS will of course be available for future Silent Eagle pilots.
Countermeasure Dispensers: The Silent Eagle will feature extra CMD's on the underside of the two tailbooms, containing 2 CMD's each. Adding this to the 8 CMD's mounted on the underside of the fuselage, gives a total of 12 CMD's, increasing onboard expendable countermeasure capacity by 50% compared to the Strike Eagle. Note that these assemblies are called DSA's, which stands for Dispenser/Sequencer Assembly.
Radar: It is one of the most important differences between the F-15E and F-15SE models. The F-15SE is equipped with Raytheon's APG-82 radar, the newest of their ultramodern AESA line. Raytheon's AESA radar versions got a bit confusing in the last years. APG-63(V)4 is yet another improved version of the APG(V)3 (the same radar that can be found in the F-15K Slam Eagle or in the F-15SG), but got a new designation: it's officially called APG-82, mainly because USAF has selected this radar for its F-15E Strike Eagle radar modernisation programme. This new radar combines the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet's APG-79 forward antenna with a newly developed backend processor unit derived from the APG-63(V)3. Its designation number is 1 greater than APG-81, the JSF's intended AESA radar unit developed by Northrop Grumman, which might come handy for Raytheon for marketing purposes.

Boeing plans to utilize the radar's capabilities fully, even slightly at the expense of stealth. For this reason, the radar would remain canted slightly forward rather than tilted back (see graphics above), preserving coverage and range at the expense of head-on RCS.
Electronic Warfare: Instead of the TEWS used in the Strike Eagle, the F-15SE features a digital electronic warfare system (developed by BAE Systems), dubbed as DEWS. DEWS was developed by leveraging F-22 and F-35 EW program results and replaces 4 legacy systems of the Strike Eagle. It is fully digital (hence its name) and works in close integration with wideband RF systems, including the APG-82 AESA radar, giving the jet a very sharp edge in the electronic warfare arena.
DEWS offers full quadrant detection and response control, containing aft receiving antennas on top of the tails, aft RF transmitters and antennas built in the tailbooms, forward RF transmitters and antennas built in the leading edge of the wing roots, forward receiving antennas built in the wingtips and a low band Rx knife antenna placed on the underbelly of the jet below the cockpit.
DEWS includes a digital RWR, digital jamming transmitter, ICS and an interference cancellation system. According to Boeing, the system enables the Silent Eagle to jam enemy radars while its own radar and RWR continues to operate.
Sensor Pack: The aircraft will be fitted with a network-enabled integrated sensor system, where individual sensor elements work closely connected to each other, presenting situational information in a unified way to the aircrew on the SIT display. This "sensor fusion" approach greatly increases aircrew SA and reduces aircrew workload - they simply don't need to know what sensor a specific information comes from, their job is to process the information and act accordingly.

Elements of the sensor pack are the APG-82 AESA radar (note that the above graphics made by Boeing in 2009 mentions APG-63(V)3, but things have changed since then),  a navigation pod, a targeting pod, a recce/radar pod, an IRST system and a threat warning ECM system. Link-16 FDL capability will also be included, thus the aircraft can rely on information gathered by sources other than its own sensors - even when the aircraft's own sensors are put in "silent" (i.e. not emitting detectable energy) mode of operation.
Support: There are numerous maintainability improvements which cannot be seen from the outside, yet they are very important for any air force that is planning to operate the Silent Eagle. The F-15SE features 60% less LRU's and over 200% throughput and memory growth reserve.

History

According to Dr.Groneman, angklung had already been a favorite musical instrument of the entire archipelago even before the Hindu era. According to Jaap Kunst in Music in Java, besides West Java, angklung also exists in South Sumatra and Kalimantan. Lampung, East Java and Central Java are also familiar with the instrument.^[1]
In the Hindu period and the time of the Kingdom of Sunda, the angklung played an important role in ceremonies. The angklung was played to honor Dewi Sri, the goddess of fertility, so she would bless their land and lives.^[2] The angklung also signaled the time for prayers, and was said to have been played since the 7th century in Kingdom of Sunda. In the Kingdom of Sunda, it provided martial music during the Battle of Bubat, as told in the Kidung Sunda.^[3]
The oldest surviving angklung is 400 years old Angklung Gubrag. It was made in the 17th century in Jasinga, Bogor. Other antique angklung are stored in the Sri Baduga Museum, Bandung.^[3] The oldest angklung tradition is called "Angklung Buhun" (Sundanese: "Ancient Angklung") from Lebak Regency, Banten ^[4] Angklung buhun is an ancient type of angklung played by Baduy people of inland Banten province during Seren Taun harvest ceremony.
In 1938, Daeng Soetigna, from Bandung, created an angklung that is based on the diatonic scale instead of the traditional pélog or sléndro scales. Since then, the angklung has returned to popularity and is used for education and entertainment, and may even accompany western instruments in an orchestra. One of the first performances of angklung in an orchestra was in 1955 during the Bandung Conference. In 1966 Udjo Ngalagena, a student of Daeng Soetigna, opened his "Saung Angklung" (House of Angklung) as a centre for its preservation and development.^[3]
UNESCO designated the angklung a Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity on November 18, 2010.^[5]

Balinese Gamelan Angklung

In Bali, an ensemble of angklung is called gamelan angklung (anklung). While the ensemble gets its name from the bamboo shakers, these days most compositions for Gamelan Angklung do not use them. An ensemble of mostly bronze metallophones is used instead, generally with about 20 musicians.
While the instrumentation of gamelan angklung is similar to gamelan gong kebyar, it has several critical differences. First, the instruments are tuned to a 5-tone slendro scale, though actually most ensembles use a four-tone mode of the five-tone scale played on instruments with four keys. An exception is the five-tone angklung from the north of Bali. But even in four-tone angklung groups, the flute players will occasionally touch on the fifth implied tone. Secondly, whereas many of the instruments in gong kebyar span multiple octaves of its pentatonic scale, mosts gamelan angklung instruments only contain one octave, although some five-tone ensembles have roughly an octave and a half. The instruments are considerably smaller than those of the gong kebyar.
Gamelan angklung is often heard in Balinese temples, where it supplies musical accompaniment to temple anniversaries (odalan). It is also characteristic of rituals related to death, and therefore connected in Balinese culture to the invisible spiritual realm and transitions from life to death and beyond. Because of its portability, gamelan angklung may be carried in processions while a funeral bier is carried from temporary burial in a cemetery to the cremation site. The musicians also often play music to accompany the cremation ceremony. Thus many Balinese listeners associate angklung music with strong emotions evoking a combination of sacred sweetness and sadness.
The structure of the music is similar to gong kebyar, although employing a four tone scale. Jublag and jegog carry the basic melody, which is elaborated by gangsa, reyong, ceng-ceng, drum, and flute. A medium sized gong, called kempur, is generally used to punctuate a piece's major sections.
Most older compositions do not employ gong kebyar's more ostentatious virtuosity and showmanship. Recently many Balinese composers have created kebyar-style works for gamelan angklung or have rearranged kebyar melodies to fit the angklung's more restricted four tone scale. These new pieces often feature dance, so the gamelan angklung is augmented with more gongs and heavier gongs. Additionally, some modern composers have created experimental instrumental pieces for the gamelan angklung.

Outside Indonesia

The angklung was first invented in West Java, Indonesia; with a possibility of cultural transmittance to various other places such as Malaysia & the Philippines over the course of several centuries. In the early 20th century during the time of Dutch East Indies, the angklung was adopted in Thailand, where it is called angkalung (อังกะลุง). It was recorded that angklung was brought to Siam in 1908 by Luang Pradit Pairoh, royal musician in the entourage of HRH Field Marshal Prince Bhanurangsi Savangwongse of Siam, who paid a royal visit to Java that year (27 years after the first state visit of his elder brother, King Chulalongkorn to Java in 1871.) The Thai angklung are typically tuned in the Thai tuning system of seven equidistant steps per octave, and each angklung has three bamboo tubes tuned in three separate octaves rather than two, as is typical in Indonesia.
In 2008, there was a grand celebration in the Thai traditional music circle, to mark the 100th anniversary of the introduction of angklung to Thailand. Both the Thai and Indonesian governments supported to celebration.
Angklung has also been adopted by its Austronesian-speaking neighbors, in particular by Malaysia and the Philippines, where they are played as part of bamboo xylophone orchestras. Formally introduced into Malaysia sometime after the end of the Confrontation, angklung found immediate popularity.^[6] They are generally played using a pentatonic scale similar to the Indonesian slendro, although in the Philippines, sets also come in the diatonic and minor scales used to perform various Spanish-influenced folk music in addition to native songs in pentatonic.
At least one Sundanese angklung buncis ensemble exists in the United States. Angklung Buncis Sukahejo is an ensemble at The Evergreen State College, and includes eighteen double rattles (nine tuned pairs) and four dog-dog drums.
Many angklung videos are available on YouTube. People have even started to play pop songs on them, which just goes to show how quickly this generation is going by.^[7]

Commercial and Film Use

Studio percussion legend Emil Richards had traditional Indonesian bamboo angklung as part of his Emil Richards Collection.^[8] Many composers like angklung, as they provide a different sound than other standard percussion instruments, and can be used melodically or just as texture; they also can be used on the rack or taken off and shaken. Like other Indonesian bamboo angklung, Emil’s have double-octave tuning. Some of them he acquired in 1960 from composer Allyn Ferguson, who returned from Laos with four of them, and subsequently wrote for angklung in his scores, including Charlie’s Angels. Emil collected more angklung little by little, including from the store Pier 1 Imports, who sold them in sets of seven. He acquired a large set of angklung in the 1970's, as an African American Baptist church in Los Angeles was looking to get rid of them because they were not being used. The range of all the sets of Emil’s bamboo angklung is rather substantial, spanning four full octaves, C2-C6. Emil’s angklung were used in numerous movie soundtracks written by composers Michael Kamen, Lalo Schifrin, Johnny Mandel, and Henry Mancini, to name a few. Most composers liked to use the higher angklung, but Lalo Schifrin preferred writing more for the lower ones, which were suspended on large racks. ^[9]

Metal Angklung by J.C. Deagan Company (part of the Emil Richards Collection)

Emil Richards also had metal angklung in his Collection. Produced by the J.C. Deagan percussion instrument company in the 1920's, these angklung are fashioned after the traditional Indonesian bamboo angklung, but made out of metal; therefore, they are more resonant and durable than the bamboo angklung. Each note of the metal angklung play three octaves when rung; they are also called the "Triple Octave Chimes." The range in Emil's collection is C4-C6 (counted from the lowest note which rings from each angklung). However, five octaves were actually made by Deagan. Emil Richards bought his set in the late 1980’s from an elderly gentleman in Los Angeles who was not a musician. Emil heard them and was fascinated by them. The metal angklung are usually used by other performers as clusters as sounds, but Emil often performed on them melodically, as they are arranged chromatically. Having two percussionists allowed 4 note chords to be played, to the favor of Emil and composers he played for. The angklung were used throughout the run of the TV show Lost as part of the underscore music. Also, they were used by composer Jerry Goldsmith often, as well as on a number of older John Williams' scores

Pidato Bung Tomo 10 Nov ’45 dan Refleksi Hari Pahlawan

November 10, 2009

tags: 10 november 1945, bung tomo, download mp3, hari pahlawan, indonesia, Soekarno

Bung Tomo merupakan tokoh pemuda yang terkenal karena heroismenya dalam membangkitkan semangat rakyat untuk melawan kembalinya penjajah Belanda melalui tentara NICA (Inggris dan sekutu). Heroisme Bung Tomo  tidak bisa dipisah dari pertempuran 10 November 1945 yang hingga kini diperingati sebagai Hari Pahlawan. Atas jasa-jasa perjuangannya, Bung Tomo didaulat sebagai Pahlawan  Indonesia pada 10 November 2008.

Sebagai seorang jurnalis, pada Oktober dan November 1945, Bung Tomo berusaha membangkitkan semangat rakyat Surabaya melalui radio-radio untuk memperjuangkan darah kemerdekaan. Pada kesempatan ini, saya telah mengupload di file audio orasi/pidato Bung Tomo dalam menyemangati semangat perjuangan rakyat Surabaya melawan tentara Inggris yang berusaha menjajah kembali Indonesia. Diduga Pidato Bung Tomo ini terjadi pada 9 atau 10 November 1945.

Download File Audio Pidato Bung Tomo 10 Nov 1945

• Mp3 Pidato Bung Tomo untuk 10 Nov 1945 (bag 1) – 2.9 MB (update)
• Mp3 Pidato Bung Tomo untuk 10 Nov 1945 (bag 2)- 0.5 MB

Bismillahirrohmanirrohim..
MERDEKA!!!
Saudara-saudara rakyat jelata di seluruh Indonesia terutama saudara-saudara penduduk kota Surabaya.
Kita semuanya telah mengetahui.
Bahwa hari ini tentara Inggris telah menyebarkan pamflet-pamflet yang memberikan suatu ancaman kepada kita semua.
Kita diwajibkan untuk dalam waktu yang mereka tentukan,
menyerahkan senjata-senjata yang telah kita rebut dari tangannya tentara Jepang.
Mereka telah minta supaya kita datang pada mereka itu dengan mengangkat tangan.
Mereka telah minta supaya kita semua datang pada mereka itu dengan membawa bendera putih tanda bahwa kita menyerah kepada mereka
Saudara-saudara….
Di dalam pertempuran-pertempuran yang lampau kita sekalian telah menunjukkan bahwa rakyat Indonesia di Surabaya.
Pemuda-pemuda yang berasal dari Maluku,
Pemuda-pemuda yang berawal dari Sulawesi,
Pemuda-pemuda yang berasal dari Pulau Bali,
Pemuda-pemuda yang berasal dari Kalimantan,
Pemuda-pemuda dari seluruh Sumatera,
Pemuda Aceh, pemuda Tapanuli, dan seluruh pemuda Indonesia yang ada di Surabaya ini.
Di dalam pasukan-pasukan mereka masing-masing.
Dengan pasukan-pasukan rakyat yang dibentuk di kampung-kampung.
Telah menunjukkan satu pertahanan yang tidak bisa dijebol.
Telah menunjukkan satu kekuatan sehingga mereka itu terjepit di mana-mana.
Hanya karena taktik yang licik daripada mereka itu saudara-saudara.
Dengan mendatangkan Presiden dan pemimpin2 lainnya ke Surabaya ini.
Maka kita ini tunduk utuk memberhentikan pentempuran.
Tetapi pada masa itu mereka telah memperkuat diri.
Dan setelah kuat sekarang inilah keadaannya.
Saudara-saudara kita semuanya.
Kita bangsa indonesia yang ada di Surabaya ini akan menerima tantangan tentara Inggris itu,
dan kalau pimpinan tentara inggris yang ada di Surabaya.
Ingin mendengarkan jawaban rakyat Indonesia.
Ingin mendengarkan jawaban seluruh pemuda Indoneisa yang ada di Surabaya ini.
Dengarkanlah ini tentara Inggris.
Ini jawaban kita.
Ini jawaban rakyat Surabaya.
Ini jawaban pemuda Indoneisa kepada kau sekalian.
Hai tentara Inggris!
Kau menghendaki bahwa kita ini akan membawa bendera putih untuk takluk kepadamu.
Kau menyuruh kita mengangkat tangan datang kepadamu.
Kau menyuruh kita membawa senjata2 yang telah kita rampas dari tentara jepang untuk diserahkan kepadamu
Tuntutan itu walaupun kita tahu bahwa kau sekali lagi akan mengancam kita untuk menggempur kita dengan kekuatan yang ada tetapi inilah jawaban kita:
Selama banteng-banteng Indonesia masih mempunyai darah merah
Yang dapat membikin secarik kain putih merah dan putih
Maka selama itu tidak akan kita akan mau menyerah kepada siapapun juga
Saudara-saudara rakyat Surabaya, siaplah keadaan genting!
Tetapi saya peringatkan sekali lagi.
Jangan mulai menembak,
Baru kalau kita ditembak,
Maka kita akan ganti menyerang mereka itukita tunjukkan bahwa kita ini adalah benar-benar orang yang ingin merdeka.
Dan untuk kita saudara-saudara….
Lebih baik kita hancur lebur daripada tidak merdeka.
Semboyan kita tetap: merdeka atau mati!

Dan kita yakin saudara-saudara….
Pada akhirnya pastilah kemenangan akan jatuh ke tangan kita,
Sebab Allah selalu berada di pihak yang benar.
Percayalah saudara-saudara.
Tuhan akan melindungi kita sekalian.

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(Transkrip pidato Bung Tomo dalam Gerakan 10 Nov 1945 Bagian 1)

Golkar's Aburizal Bakrie Names 5 Potential VP Candidates Robertus Wardi | June 28, 2012

Golkar Party chairman Aburizal Bakrie on Thursday named five potential vice presidential candidates to run with him in the 2014 election.

“So far, the proposals from the regions are five [names], and they are Mr. Mahfud, the sultan, Pramono, Sukarwo and Mrs. Khofifah. We are accommodating all proposals,” Aburizal told journalists in Jakarta.

He was referring to the chairman of the Constitutional Court, Mahfud MD, Yogyakarta Governor Sultan Hamengkubuwono X, East Java Governor Sukarwo, Army chief Gen. Pramono Edhie Wibowo and Khofifah Indar Parawansa, a politician from the National Awakening Party (PKB) and also chairwoman of the women’s wing of the country’s largest Islamic organization in the country, Nahdlatul Ulama.

He said the sultan was proposed by the party’s Yogyakarta chapter, Pramono by the East Kalimantan chapter, Sukarwo by the East Java chapter and Mahfud and Khofifaf were proposed by several provincial branches.

Aburizal said all chapters were free to propose individuals for the party’s vice presidential candidate and all inputs would be considered before the final choice was made.

“The proposals may still possibly increase and we are giving all regional chapters the freedom to express their views,” he said.

He said that there was no decision yet on which candidate would ultimately run alongside him in 2014.

“We will see the political developments. The national leadership meeting has not yet decided on the vice presidential candidate,” Aburizal said.

Deputy Golkar chairman Syarif Cicip Sutardjo said he would leave the matter fully up to Aburizal, but added that the criteria for the candidates should be set down by the party and be based on electability.

“We have not yet discussed the vice presidential candidate, but the party will set down the criteria. The final word will be in the hands of Mr. Aburizal,” Cicip said during a press conference on preparations for the party’s national leadership meeting.

Cicip, who is also the fisheries and maritime affairs minister, said the meeting would be held in Bogor, West Java, on Friday and Saturday. He said up to 20,000 party members are expected to attend.

The meeting, he said, will officially declare Aburizal as the party’s 2014 presidential candidate, with no guarantee that his running mate will also be decided by week’s end.

Suara Pembaruan

Pilgub DKI 2012 Diprediksi Cuma Diikuti 4 Calon

Siti Zuhro, Pengamat LIPI

PENGAMAT politik dari Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (Lipi), Siti Zuhro memprediksi Pemilihan Gubernur (Pilgub) DKI Jakarta 2012 akan berbeda dengan pilkada periode lalu. Siti memperkirakan, Pilgub DKI tahun depan, akan diikuti maksimal empat pasang calon. Sebab, dua partai yakni Demokrat dan PKS sudah bisa mencalonkan kandidatnya sendiri karena suduh memenuhi syarat pencalonan. Kemungkinan dua partai lainnya seperti Golkar dan PDIP atau calon independen juga bisa ikut mencalonkan.

"Kalau Pilgub 2007 diikuti hanya dua pasang calon, maka pilgub nanti akan diikuti sekitar tiga atau empat pasangan calon gubernur dan wakil gubernur," jelas Siti saat dihubungi Rakyat Merdeka, tadi malam.

Meski saat ini banyak bakal calon sudah mulai mengumbar janji, Siti meyakini, akan banyak balon berguguran atau beralih mencalonkan sebagai wakil gubernur.

"Yang ketahuan itu kan Partai Demokrat dan Partai Keadilan Sejahtera. Kelihatannya partai lain, seperti Golkar dan PDIP itu ingin maju juga. Mungkin dua partai ini akan mencari partai-partai kecil untuk berkoalisi dan bergabung mengusung calonnya," ujarnya.

Dia meyakini, calon independen bakal hadir di Pilkada DKI, nanti. Pasalnya, lanjut dia, usulan calon independen itu diawali saat menjelang Pilgub DKI 2007.

"Ruh calon independen itu lahir saat Pilkada DKI 2007, jadi dipastikan akan ada calon melalui jalur independen. Apalagi, waktu 2007 calon independen masih belum tercapai," ujarnya.

Dia menilai, proses Pilkada DKI 2012 akan menarik perhatian banyak kalangan. Pasalnya, Jakarta merupakan miniatur Indonesia. Mengenai incumbent Fauzi Bowo yang ingin maju lagi, Siti mengatakan, kemungkinan itu bisa terjadi. Hanya saja, lanjutnya, jika Foke maju lagi, maka akan mendapat kritikan pedas dari para pesaingnya.

"Slogan yang dulu pernah dibawa Fauzi Bowo akan jadi boomerang baginya. Slogan itu akan jadi senjata bagi calon lain untuk mengkritiknva," ungkapnya.

Senada dengannya, pengamat kebijakan publik DKI, Amir Hamzah memprediksi, Pilkada DKI 2012 akan diikuti lebih dari dua pasang calon. Kalau merujuk pada aturan mainnya, papar Amir, parpol yang diperbolehkan mengajukan cagub hanya parpol yang memiliki 15 persen suara di DPRD. Jika ditotal, Partai Demokrat dan PKS itu adalah 56 persen, maka sisanya masih ada 44 persen lagi. Dari 44 persen itu, lanjutnya, dimungkinkan gabungan partai mampu mencalonkan dua pasang calon lagi.

"Itu kalau partai-partai kecil itu berpencar. Jadi calon yang diusung dari parpol itu maksimal empat pasang," jelas Amir kepada Rakyat Merdeka.

Bahkan, dia memperkirakan Pilgub DKI nanti akan banyak mendapat perhatian ketimbang daerah-daerah lain. Selain ibukota negara, Jakarta merupakan kota  yang memiliki PAD terbesar, sehingga diminati orang-orang yang memiliki uang untuk duduk di kursi DKI.

Sumber: Rakyat Merdeka